Actuarial report on the Government annuities as at 31 March 2023

Report type
Government annuities
Published date
As at date

Office of the Chief Actuary

Table of contents

    List of tables

      1 Executive Summary

      1.1 Purpose of report

      In accordance with section 15 of the Government Annuities Improvement Act ("the Improvement Act") an actuarial valuation was conducted as at 31 March 2023 for purposes of determining the actuarial liabilities and financial position of the Government Annuities Account ("the Account"). Section 15 of the Improvement Act also states that any surplus or deficit emerging as a result of the actuarial valuation shall be reported and, in the case of a surplus, credited to the Federal Government's Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) and charged to the Account or, in the case of a deficit, charged to the Federal Government's CRF and credited to the Account.

      1.2 Data, method and assumptions

      Data on current retirees, beneficiaries, deferred members, premiums and benefit payments were provided by Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC) and Service Canada. The Government Annuities Branch located in Bathurst administers the annuities. The data are from a reliable source. We have performed summary tests on the data, and have found that they are accurate, reliable and sufficient for the purposes of the valuation. A description of contract types and a summary of the data are shown in Appendix A and Appendix B of this report. The actuarial liabilities are the present value of expected future benefits, determined in accordance with accepted actuarial practice and statutory valuation assumptions. Subsection 3(4) of the Government Annuities Regulations ("the Regulations") states that the actuarial liability is to be determined using an interest rate of 7% per annum and the mortality rates of the Annuity Table for 1983, as modified by Projection Scale G.

      1.3 Results

      Tables 1 and 2 below summarize the results of the actuarial valuation as at 31 March 2023.

      Table 1 Financial results as at 31 March 2023 ($)
      Assets 59,972,022
      Liabilities 58,866,929
      Surplus (Deficit) 1,105,092
       
      Table 2 Membership as at 31 March 2023
      Membership Count Average annual pension ($)
      Vested members 15,115 698
      Deferred members 34 1,854
      Total 15,149 701

      1.4 Conclusion

      The surplus of $1,105,092 is credited to the Federal Government's CRF and charged to the Account. The next valuation will be performed as at 31 March 2024.

      2 Introduction

      The Canadian Government Annuities Act of 1908 was one of the earliest significant pieces of social legislation in Canada. Its purpose was to encourage Canadians to prepare financially for their retirement. Government Annuities were purchased either by individuals or by employers as pension plans for their employees.

      By the 1960's, other social benefit plans, such as Old Age Security (OAS) and the Canada Pension Plan were introduced and began gaining importance in providing Canadians with basic retirement income. The government's recognition that retired Canadians could now be served by other social security programs as well as the private sector brought about the decision to disband the Annuities sales force. In 1975, an Act of Parliament formally ended the sale of Government Annuities. Employers, however, could register new employees under group contracts until 1979. The Government Annuities are not sponsored by the Government – meaning the Government has no fiduciary liability. Its responsibilities are limited to provide and secure benefits in accordance with each contract's provisions.

      The Annuities Branch continues to administer contracts under payment and those due to become payable, on behalf of clients from across Canada and around the world. The Account is not subject to any federal or provincial pension legislation; it is only subject to the Government Annuities Act, the Improvement Act and the Regulations. The assets and liabilities are shown in the Public Accounts of Canada. The assets are notional and are not subject to any investment policy or performance goals and objectives.

      The Office of the Chief Actuary (OCA), Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada (OSFI), has the mandate of performing the annual actuarial valuation of the Account as of 31 March 2023. The purpose of the valuation is to establish the Account's liabilities, notional assets, and financial position, based on the statutory valuation assumptions.

      3 Data

      3.1 Data required

      Since the actuarial valuation determines both the assets and the liabilities, full details on the members as well as on the cash flows that occurred within the year are needed.

      3.2 Member data

      Basic data on pensioners, beneficiaries and deferred members are provided by ESDC and Service Canada. The reports provided show the member data required to establish the liabilities: certificate number, maturity date, member, spouse and beneficiaries' gender and dates of birth, annual pension amounts, and form of pension.

      The required data reports are VY4741 for vested members (pensioners) and GY5642 for deferred members (members with deferred rights).

      Notes on VY4741 vested data

      Additional pension amounts data are required from Service Canada concerning the continuing pensions for joint and survivor contracts with percentages other than 50% or 100%, as well as for reducing annuities. VY4741 data does not show the accurate continuing pension amounts for annuities of type 29, 37, and 70-79.

      Moreover, manual additions must be done, as the VY4741 report excludes certain members due to internal validation controls at Bathurst. The data related to this limited number of members were extracted from the VY5141 report. There were 27 such members as at 31 March 2023.

      Notes on GY5642 deferred data

      Pursuant to the Improvement Act which granted annual accrual of contributions accounts at 7% from 1 April 1975, the following table shows the multipliers that must be applied to the annual original pension amounts.

      Table 3 Multipliers for deferred pension amounts
      Premium series Original interest rate Multiplier
      4 4.0% 1.22
      5 3.0% 1.32
      6 3.5% 1.29
      7 4.0% 1.22
      8 5.0% 1.14

      These multipliers reflect the increase between the original interest rate applicable on the contracts and 7%. As the deferred members data only show the pension amounts prior to the enhancements, these multipliers are used to update the annual pensions.

      It can be seen that the methodology used to derive these multipliers granted higher increases to contracts with lower interest rates, and vice-versa. The objective sought at the time was to distribute the increases as equitably as possible.

      A reconciliation of pension amounts and membership status with last year's membership has been performed. A detailed summary of membership data is shown in the Appendix B of this report.

      3.3 Asset data

      Income consists of premiums received, funds reclaimed from the CRF for previously untraceable annuitants, notional earned interest and any transfer needed to cover the actuarial deficit. Payments and other charges represent matured annuities, commuted value of death benefits, premium refunds and withdrawals, and transfers to the CRF of actuarial surpluses and unclaimed annuities related to untraceable annuitants.

      All reports used to determine the value of assets are provided by ESDC.

      A list showing the names and short descriptions of the required reports is given in Appendix C of this report.

      The data used are considered to be sufficient and reliable for the purposes of the actuarial valuation.

      4 Methods and Assumptions

      4.1 Liability Valuation Method

      The actuarial liabilities are associated with two groups of members: vested and deferred. The vested group consists of the participants for whom the pensions are in payment as at 31 March 2023. The deferred group consists of members for whom payment of pensions will start in the future. The liabilities are the actuarial present value of future pension payments, the result of discounting the future expected benefits with interest and post-retirement mortality.

      4.2 Assumptions

      The interest and post-retirement mortality assumptions are statutory, as stated in section 15 of the Improvement Act and subsection 3(4) of the Regulations. Namely, the liabilities must be based on a rate of interest of 7% per annum and on the mortality rates of the Annuity Table for 1983, as modified by Projection Scale G, published in Transactions of the Society of Actuaries, Vol. XXXV (1983), at pages 882 and 883.

      Accordingly, the 1983 individual annuity mortality table (IAM83) is used for individual contracts and the 1983 group annuity mortality table (GAM83) is used for group contracts. Both tables are sex-distinct, and are projected for 15 years with Projection Scale G. Furthermore, for consistency with the methodology used to develop these mortality tables, the liabilities were calculated based on the annuitants' attained age (age last) at the valuation date.

      Extracts from these mortality tables as well as associated life expectancies can be found in Appendix D of this report.

      4.3 Asset valuation method

      Since section 14 of the Government Annuities Act states that the monies received or paid under this act form part of the CRF, the assets are notional. Each year, any difference with the liabilities calculated is either credited (in the case of a surplus) or charged (in the case of a deficit) to the CRF, with a corresponding charge or credit to the Account. Following these adjustments, the assets value as at 1 April 2022 is equal to the 31 March 2022 liabilities. The assets value as at 31 March 2023 prior to any charge or credit to the CRF is obtained by adding interest at 7% on the 1 April 2022 value and adjusting for cash inflows and outflows also at 7% annual interest rate.

      5 Results

      5.1 Balance sheet

      The following table presents a summary of the balance sheet of the Account for the 2023 and 2022 fiscal years.

      Table 4 Balance sheet ($)
      blank Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      Assets as at 1 April 66,894,991 75,755,079
      Income
      Interest to 31 March 4,256,014 4,822,098
      Premiums for deferred annuities - no data 3,359
      Unclaimed annuities recovered from CRF 8,967 2,909
      Total income 4,264,981 4,828,366
      Payments and other charges
      Payments to vested members
      Vested regular annuity payments 11,095,129Table 4 footnote 1 12,531,186Table 4 footnote 2
      Vested commuted values 72,814 32,940
      Total payments to vested members 11,167,943 12,564,126
      Monies refunded 2,448 3,129
      Values transferred to CRF (vested & deferred) 17,559 40,120
      Total payments and other charges 11,187,951 12,607,375
      Income less payments and other charges (6,922,970) (7,779,009)
      Assets as at 31 March 59,972,022 67,976,070
      Surplus charged to the account and credited to the CRF (1,105,092) (1,081,079)
      Net assets as at 31 March 58,866,929 66,894,991
      Actuarial liabilities as at 31 March 58,866,929 66,894,991

      Table 4 footnotes

      Table 4 footnote 1

      Includes annuity and retroactive payments totalling $9,181 for members recovered from the CRF in fiscal year 2022-2023.

      Return to table 4 footnote 1

      Table 4 footnote 2

      Includes annuity and retroactive payments totalling $537 for members recovered from the CRF in fiscal year 2021-2022.

      Return to table 4 footnote 2

      5.2 Calculation of interest

      Tables 5, 6 and 7 below outline the calculation of the notional 7% annual interest credited to the Account for the 2023 and 2022 fiscal years.

      Table 5 Calculation of interest for vested members ($)
      Calculation of interest Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      Prescribed assets as at 1 April of prior year 4,619,667 5,221,914
      Maturities 19,494 23,427
      CRF Recoveries 99 168
      Annuity payments (423,898) (478,602)
      Commuted values (2,775) (1,862)
      Transfers to CRF - no data - no data
      Total interest for vested members 4,212,587 4,765,045
      Table 6 Calculation of interest for Deferred Members ($)
      Calculation of interest Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      Prescribed Assets as at 1 April of prior year 62,982 80,942
      Premiums - no data 212
      CRF Recoveries - no data - no data
      Maturities (19,494) (23,427)
      Refunds (61) (502)
      Transfers to CRF - no data (172)
      Total interest for deferred members 43,427 57,053
      Table 7 Calculation of Total interest ($)
      Membership Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      Interest for vested members 4,212,587 4,765,045
      Interest for deferred members 43,427 57,053
      Total interest 4,256,014 4,822,098

      5.3 Development of actuarial liabilities

      Tables 8, 9 and 10 below outline the Account's actuarial liabilities by members' category as at 31 March of 2023 and 2022.

      Table 8 Development of vested member actuarial liabilities
      Actuarial liabilities Contract type Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      ($)
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      ($)
      Males, Ordinary life 10 – 16 27,715,972 31,664,592
      Females, Ordinary life 10 – 16 16,798,721 18,434,224
      Males, Guaranteed 21 – 29 6,815,305 7,880,889
      Females, Guaranteed 21 – 29 4,001,918 4,198,250
      Last survivor 30 – 37 2,393,926 3,118,023
      Reducing at OAS 70 – 79 319,831 467,932
      Annuities certain 50, 80 154,780 198,945
      Temporary annuities 60 6,727 7,025
      Suspended payments blank 31,582 25,367
      Vested member actuarial liability blank 58,238,762 65,995,247
      Table 9 Development of deferred member actuarial liabilities
      Actuarial liabilities Contract type Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      ($)
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      ($)
      Ordinary life 10 50,964 47,950
      Males, Guaranteed 21 – 24 341,925 479,534
      Females, Guaranteed 21 – 24 172,442 313,535
      Refunds in Process blank - no data - no data
      Suspense Accounts Account 721 62,836 58,725
      Deferred member actuarial liability blank 628,167 899,744
      Table 10 Development of actuarial liabilities ($)
      Membership Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      Vested members 58,238,762 65,995,247
      Deferred members 628,167 899,744
      Total actuarial liabilities 58,866,929 66,894,991

      6 Experience

      6.1 Analysis of experience

      As there are no new contracts purchased under the Government Annuities Act, the main source of experience gains or losses is the mortality. It includes changes in expected future payments due to the death or survival of annuitants and the difference between actual and expected benefit payments during the year.

      The table below presents a reconciliation of the surplus between 31 March 2022 and 31 March 2023.

      Table 11 Gains (losses) ($)
      Surplus as at 31 March 2022 - no data
      Premiums paid with interest - no data
      Vested members mortality 1,063,569
      Deferred members – retirements, mortality, refunds 42,027
      Transfers from CRF and other data changes (504)
      Surplus as at 31 March 2023 1,105,092

      6.2 Alternative assumptions for purposes of the account's financial statements, prepared in accordance with Section 4600 of Part IV of the CPA Canada handbook – Accounting

      6.2.1 Mortality

      Following an external audit of the Account as at 31 March 2014, ESDC management asked the OCA to conduct a mortality experience study and to include the amount of the actuarial liabilities under experience-adjusted mortality rates in future Actuarial Reports on the Government Annuities.

      6.2.2 Discount rate

      To promote greater comparability with other public service pension plans that are part of the Public Account of Canada, the liabilities shown in the Account's financial statements is measured using a different discount rate than the prescribed interest rate of 7%. The alternative rate is established based on a yield curve approach. This yield curve is determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on Government of Canada Bonds and treasury bills.

      The OCA has determined that the liabilities as at 31 March 2023 under experience-adjusted mortality rates and the alternative discount rate is $68.0 million, which is $9.2 million higher than under the prescribed assumptions. More details are presented in Appendix E.

      7 Actuarial opinion

      In our opinion, considering that this report was prepared pursuant to the Government Annuities Act and the Government Annuities Improvement Act:

      • the data on which this report is based are sufficient and reliable for the purposes of this report;
      • the assumptions used comply with legislative requirements;
      • the methods employed are appropriate for the purposes of this report; and
      • as at 31 March 2023, there is a surplus of $1,105,092 which is credited to the Federal Government's Consolidated Revenue Fund and charged to the Government Annuities Account.

      This report has been prepared, and our opinion given, in accordance with accepted actuarial practice in Canada. As of the date of the signing of this report, we have not learned of any events that would have a material impact on the results presented in this report as at 31 March 2023.

      Mathieu Désy
      Fellow of the Canadian Institute of Actuaries
      Office of the Chief Actuary, OSFI

      Luc Léger
      Associate of the Canadian Institute of Actuaries
      Office of the Chief Actuary, OSFI

      Ottawa, Canada
      28 July 2023

      Appendix A ― Contract types

      The following describes the annuities provisions as specified by the contracts:

      Ordinary Life: At maturity, this annuity is payable for as long as the annuitant lives, but at death the annuity ceases immediately and there are no death benefits.

      Guaranteed: The annuity under this contract is payable for life but it is guaranteed for a minimum period of 5, 10, 15 or 20 years.

      Contingent Survivor: This annuity is based on two lives. The annuity is payable to the principal annuitant for as long as he or she lives. At death, the annuity is payable to the survivor until his or her death.

      Joint and Last Survivor: This contract differs from the Contingent Survivor contract in that the annuity instalments are payable to both parties. After the death of one partner, the annuity is made payable to the survivor as long as he or she lives.

      Reducing Option: The Reducing Option is an arrangement whereby the level of the annuity purchased is paid at an increased amount from age 50 (or later) to age 65. At age 65, the annuity decreases by the amount of Old Age Security in effect at the date of maturity. The annuity is payable for life, with death benefits available for the duration of the guaranteed period, if there is one.
      The following describes the contract types:

      Single Life - No Guarantee (10 – 16)

      • 10. Ordinary
      • 11. Guarantee expired: on valuation change of 21 – 24
      • 12. From last or contingent survivor: 30, 35, 36, 37
      • 13. From last survivor guarantee expired: on first death of 31
      • 14. From reducing ordinary: on reduction of 70
      • 15. From reducing guaranteed: on reduction of 79, on valuation change of 29 or from 71-74 where reduction and end of guarantee coincide
      • 16. From reducing survivor: 36, 37

      Single Life with Guarantee (21 – 29)

      • 21. Guaranteed 5 years
      • 22. Guaranteed 10 years
      • 23. Guaranteed 15 years
      • 24. Guaranteed 20 years
      • 29. From 71-74 after reduction still within guarantee

      Joint Lives No Guarantee (30 – 37)

      • 30. Ordinary Last Survivor (100%)
      • 31. Last Survivor guarantee expired (100%)
      • 35. Contingent Survivor (100%)
      • 36. Contingent Survivor reducing by one half at death of Principal Annuitant (50%)
      • 37. Contingent Survivor reducing by any other amount at death of Principal Annuitant

      Annuities Certain (50 & 80)

      • 50. Certain level amount (Includes from 80 after reduction)
      • 80. Certain, reducing

      Temporary Annuities (60)

      • 60. Temporary

      Reducing Annuities (70 – 79)

      • 70. Ordinary, reducing
      • 71. Guaranteed 5 years, reducing
      • 72. Guaranteed 10 years, reducing
      • 73. Guaranteed 15 years, reducing
      • 74. Guaranteed 20 years, reducing
      • 79. From 71-74, guarantee expired before reduction

      Appendix B ― Membership data

      B.1 Vested membersat 31 March 2023

      Tables 12 to 17 summarize the vested member data as at 31 March 2023. Each table presents the average annual pension, member count and average age for both genders for each vested contract type. Additional information is included in certain tables when it is relevant for the particular contract type.

      Table 12 Contract types 10-16: vested ordinary life
      Age Members Males Females Total
      50-69Table 12 footnote 1 Average annual pension ($) 901 946 927
      Number 51 69 120
      Average age (years) 66.2 66.5 66.4
      70-79 Average annual pension ($) 908 783 846
      Number 635 632 1,267
      Average age (years) 76.3 75.9 76.1
      80-89 Average annual pension ($) 657 560 626
      Number 4,370 2,085 6,455
      Average age (years) 85.4 85.1 85.3
      90-100 Average annual pension ($) 700 563 649
      Number 3,479 2,087 5,566
      Average age (years) 93.2 93.7 93.4
      100 + Average annual pension ($) 692 477 562
      Number 74 113 187
      Average age (years) 102.0 102.4 102.3
      Total average annual pension ($) blank 695 593 658
      Total number blank 8,609 4,986 13,595
      Total average age (years) blank 87.9 87.7 87.8

      Table 12 footnotes

      Table 12 footnote 1

      The age range of 50 to 59 only contains 1 individual and was combined with the age range of 60 to 69 to alleviate privacy concerns.

      Return to table 12 footnote 1

      Table 13 Contract types 21-29: vested guaranteed
      Age Members Males Females Total
      50-69 Average annual pension ($) 1,981 2,036 2,005
      Number 120 93 213
      Average age (years) 66.6 66.4 66.5
      Average guarantee (years) 8.9 8.5 8.7
      70-79 Average annual pension ($) 1,537 1,223 1,431
      Number 307 156 463
      Average age (years) 74.5 74.4 74.5
      Average guarantee (years) 5.3 4.6 5.0
      80-89 Average annual pension ($) 1,402 1,148 1,339
      Number 33 11 44
      Average age (years) 81.2 81.6 81.3
      Average guarantee (years) 2.9 3.3 3.0
      Total Average annual pension ($) blank 1,643 1,511 1,595
      Total Number blank 460 260 720
      Average age (years) blank 72.9 71.9 72.5
      Average guarantee (years) blank 6.1 5.9 6.0
      Table 14 Contract types 30-37: vested joint & survivor
      Members Males Females Total
      Total average annual pension ($) 508 237 500
      Total number 735 21 756
      Average age (years) 87.3 85.6 87.3
      Average spouse age (years) 84.0 84.6 84.1
      Average continuing percentage 73% 68% 73%
      Table 15 Contract types 50 & 80: vested certain
      Members Total
      Average annual pension ($) 1,289
      Number 31
      Average certain period (years) 5.0
      Table 16 Contract type 60: vested temporary
      Members Total
      Average annual pension ($) 674
      Number 3
      Average age (years) 61.0
      Average period (years) 4.0
      Table 17 Contract types 70 – 79: vested reducing
      Members Males Females Total
      Average annual pension ($) 4,816 4,293 4,607
      Number 6 4 10
      Average reduced annual pension ($) 2,469 2,362 2,426
      Average age (years) 63.2 62.5 62.9

      B.2 Deferred members at 31 March 2023

      Tables 18 and 19 summarize the deferred member data as at 31 March 2023. Each table presents the average annual pension, member count and average age for both genders for each deferred contract type. Table 19 also includes the average guarantee period.

      Table 18 Contract types 10: deferred ordinary life
      Members Total
      Average annual pension ($) 3,202Table 18 footnote 1
      Number 2
      Average age (years) 68.0

      Table 18 footnotes

      Table 18 footnote 1

      The average pension has been updated from the amount of $3,224 as at 31 March 2022 due to a small data correction.

      Return to table 18 footnote 1

      Table 19 Contract types 21-24: deferred guaranteed
      Members Males Female Total
      Average annual pension ($) 2,139 1,229 1,769
      Number 19 13 32
      Average age (years) 63.2 61.9 62.7
      Average guarantee (years) 15.5 15.4 15.5

      B.3 Membership reconciliation

      Table 20 Vested membership reconciliation
      Contract types 10-16 21-29 30-37 50 & 80 60 70-79 Total
      Count as at 31 March 2022 15,419 835 913 41 3 16 17,227
      Maturities - no data 14 - no data - no data 1 - no data 15
      Transfers from/to other contract types 250 (112) (138) 6 - no data (6) - no data
      Deaths or expired annuitiesTable 20 footnote 1 (2,066) (17) (19) (14) (1) - no data (2,117)
      Net CRF transfersTable 20 footnote 2 (8) 0 - no data (2) - no data - no data (10)
      Count as at 31 March 2023 13,595 720 756 31 3 10 15,115

      Table 20 footnotes

      Table 20 footnote 1

      The 2,117 Deaths or Expired Annuities are composed of 1,407 group certificates and 710 individual contracts.

      Return to table 20 footnote 1

      Table 20 footnote 2

      The 10 net CRF transfers are 6 individual and 4 group contracts transferred to the CRF.

      Return to table 20 footnote 2

      Table 21 Deferred membership reconciliation
      Count as at 31 March 2022 51
      Maturities (15)
      Deaths and Refunds (2)
      Net CRF Transfers - no data
      Count as at 31 March 2023 34

      Appendix C ― Sources of data

      C.1 Reports required

      The following are the reports used in order to perform the Government Annuities Account valuation. The main reports are provided by ESDC and Service Canada.

      C.2 Membership data

      VY4741P1: Basic Vested Data
      VY5141: Vested Annuitants to be added manually (Records to be completed using report VY4742P1)
      GY5642: Basic Deferred Data

      Service Canada also provides accurate pension amounts for plans 16, 37, 70-79, and 29, and additional data for plans 50 and 80. This data consists of pension amounts, reduced pension amounts where applicable, date of reduction and date of final payment. Even though the total actuarial liability is taken directly from VY5141 for plans 50 and 80, it must be individually calculated for purposes of gains and losses analysis.

      C.3 Asset data

      VM3942: Vested benefit payments and maturities by period

      GY5646, GM4741, and GM4742: Data related to refunds

      Premiums paid are provided by the Annuity Accounting Division of ESDC.

      Benefit payments are provided by the Annuity Accounting Division of ESDC.

      The monthly VM3942 reports are used to reconcile the Annuity Accounting Division's benefit payments. Ultimately, the Annuity Accounting Division's figures are used for balance sheet purposes. The monthly GM4741 and GM4742 reports are used for group and individual contracts.

      C.4 Other data

      ESDC also provides balances for suspense accounts (GY5644 and GR3442), refunds in progress (GY5941) and suspended payments (VY5443).

      Appendix D ― Mortality tables

      D.1 Projection of mortality

      The mortality assumption is statutory, as stated in section 15 of the Improvement Act and subsection 3(4) of the Regulations. Mortality rates are to follow the Annuity Table for 1983, as modified by Projection Scale G published in Transactions of the Society of Actuaries, Vol. XXXV (1983), at pages 882 and 883. SOR/97-495, s. 2.

      Accordingly, the IAM83 table is used for individual contracts and the GAM83 table is used for group contracts. Both tables are used on sex-distinct basis and are projected for 15 years with Projection Scale G. Furthermore, for consistency with the methodology used to develop these mortality tables, the liabilities were calculated based on the annuitants' attained age (age last) at the valuation date.

      The following table shows the mortality rates as well as Projection scale G for selected attained ages.

      Table 22 Mortality rates
      Age GAM83 Original IAM83 Original Projection Scale G GAM83 Projected IAM83 Projected
      Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females
      10 0.000293 0.000096 0.000382 0.000141 0.007500 0.012000 0.000262 0.000080 0.000341 0.000118
      15 0.000325 0.000140 0.000435 0.000188 0.002200 0.007000 0.000314 0.000126 0.000421 0.000169
      20 0.000377 0.000189 0.000505 0.000260 0.001400 0.005000 0.000369 0.000175 0.000494 0.000241
      25 0.000464 0.000253 0.000622 0.000349 0.001000 0.006500 0.000457 0.000229 0.000613 0.000316
      30 0.000607 0.000342 0.000759 0.000441 0.004900 0.010500 0.000564 0.000292 0.000705 0.000376
      35 0.000860 0.000476 0.000917 0.000545 0.015000 0.018500 0.000686 0.000360 0.000731 0.000412
      40 0.001238 0.000665 0.001341 0.000742 0.020000 0.022500 0.000914 0.000473 0.000990 0.000527
      45 0.002183 0.001010 0.002399 0.001122 0.018500 0.021000 0.001650 0.000735 0.001813 0.000816
      50 0.003909 0.001647 0.004057 0.001830 0.017500 0.020000 0.003000 0.001216 0.003113 0.001352
      55 0.006131 0.002541 0.005994 0.002891 0.016000 0.018500 0.004813 0.001920 0.004706 0.002185
      60 0.009158 0.004241 0.008338 0.004467 0.015000 0.017500 0.007300 0.003254 0.006647 0.003428
      65 0.015592 0.007064 0.012851 0.007336 0.015000 0.017500 0.012429 0.005420 0.010244 0.005629
      70 0.027530 0.012385 0.021371 0.011697 0.013500 0.017500 0.022452 0.009504 0.017429 0.008976
      75 0.044597 0.023992 0.035046 0.020127 0.012500 0.016000 0.036929 0.018836 0.029020 0.015802
      80 0.074070 0.042945 0.057026 0.036395 0.012500 0.015000 0.061334 0.034234 0.047220 0.029013
      85 0.114836 0.069918 0.090987 0.065518 0.012500 0.015000 0.095090 0.055736 0.075342 0.052228
      90 0.166307 0.111750 0.134887 0.113605 0.011000 0.013500 0.140882 0.091139 0.114265 0.092652
      95 0.234086 0.182419 0.191214 0.174228 0.010000 0.012500 0.201328 0.151052 0.164455 0.144269
      100 0.319185 0.295187 0.270906 0.239215 0.004000 0.005000 0.300561 0.273806 0.255099 0.221888
      105 0.469531 0.487816 0.405278 0.353414 0.000000 0.000000 0.469531 0.487816 0.405278 0.353414
      110 1.000000 1.000000 0.634814 0.584462 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 1.000000 0.634814 0.584462

      D.2 Life expectancies

      The following table shows life expectancies under the above-stated mortality assumption for selected attained ages.

      Table 23 Life expectancies (years)
      Age Group males Group females Individual males Individual females
      15 65.4 71.8 67.1 72.2
      20 60.5 66.8 62.2 67.3
      25 55.6 61.9 57.4 62.4
      30 50.7 57.0 52.5 57.5
      35 45.9 52.1 47.7 52.6
      40 41.0 47.2 42.9 47.7
      45 36.2 42.3 38.1 42.8
      50 31.6 37.5 33.5 38.0
      55 27.1 32.7 29.1 33.3
      60 22.8 28.1 24.8 28.7
      65 18.7 23.6 20.7 24.3
      70 15.0 19.3 16.9 20.0
      75 11.8 15.3 13.5 16.0
      80 9.1 11.9 10.5 12.4
      85 7.0 9.1 8.1 9.3
      90 5.3 6.6 6.2 6.9
      95 4.0 4.6 4.6 5.1
      100 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.6
      105 1.9 1.9 2.2 2.5
      110 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.6

      Appendix E ― Alternative mortality and discount rate assumptions

      E.1 Mortality rates

      The experience-adjusted mortality rates are based on the Canada Pension Plan retirement beneficiaries' mortality assumptions, as developed for the 31st Actuarial Report on the Canada Pension Plan as at 31 December 2021. These rates are further adjusted using a 3% load for males and a 4% load for females.

      E.2 Discount rates

      The annual alternative discount rates used to calculate the liabilities are 3.05% as at 31 March 2023 and 2.38% as at 31 March 2022. They are determined using a yield curve approach. Under this approach, the discount rate corresponds to an equivalent flat discount rate based on a yield curve and the projected cash flows. The yield curve is based on market yields at the end of the reporting period on Government of Canada bonds and treasury bills. The Bank of Canada develops and publishes monthly a yield curve for Government of Canada zero-coupon bondsFootnote 1*.

      Tables 24, 25 and 26 show the development of actuarial liabilities under the experience-adjusted mortality rates and the alternative discount rates while Tables 27 and 28 provide sample experience‑adjusted mortality rates at different ages and for different years.

      Table 24 Development of vested member actuarial liabilities (with experience‑adjusted mortalityTable 24 footnote 1 and alternative discount rateTable 24 footnote 2 )
      Actuarial liabilities Contract type Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      ($)
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      ($)
      Males, Ordinary life 10 – 16 30,209,783 36,291,623
      Females, Ordinary life 10 – 16 18,749,365 21,455,414
      Males, Guaranteed 21 – 29 9,178,298 11,311,551
      Females, Guaranteed 21 – 29 5,455,000 6,116,974
      Last survivor 30 – 37 2,751,416 3,775,361
      Reducing at OAS 70 – 79 453,582 712,262
      Annuities certain 50, 80 176,207 235,050
      Temporary annuities 60 6,149 6,965
      Suspended payments blank 31,582 25,367
      Vested member actuarial liability blank 67,011,382 79,930,567

      Table 24 footnotes

      Table 24 footnote 1

      Using mortality assumptions used for the CPP beneficiaries (with appropriate loading) consistent with the 31st CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2022-2023 and the 30th CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2021-2022.

      Return to table 24 footnote 1

      Table 24 footnote 2

      Using a yield curve approach determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on Government of Canada Bonds and Treasury Bills (the equivalent flat discount rate is 2.38% as at 31 March 2022 and 3.05% as at 31 March 2023).

      Return to table 24 footnote 2

      Table 25 Development of deferred member actuarial liabilities (with experience‑adjusted mortalityTable 25 footnote 1 and alternative discount rateTable 25 footnote 2)
      Actuarial liabilities Contract type Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      ($)
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      ($)
      Ordinary life 10 77,259 82,481
      Males, Guaranteed 21 - 24 588,483 908,886
      Females, Guaranteed 21 - 24 281,016 576,500
      Refunds in process blank - no data - no data
      Suspense accounts Account 721 62,836 58,725
      Deferred total blank 1,009,594 1,626,592

      Table 25 footnotes

      Table 25 footnote 1

      Using mortality assumptions used for the CPP beneficiaries (with appropriate loading) consistent with the 31st CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2022-2023 and the 30th CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2021-2022.

      Return to table 25 footnote 1

      Table 25 footnote 2

      Using a yield curve approach determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on Government of Canada Bonds and Treasury Bills (the equivalent flat discount rate is 2.38% as at 31 March 2022 and 3.05% as at 31 March 2023).

      Return to table 25 footnote 2

      Table 26 Development of actuarial liabilities (with experience‑adjusted mortalityTable 26 footnote 1 and alternative discount rateTable 26 footnote 2) ($)
      Membership Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      Vested total  67,011,382 79,930,567
      Deferred total  1,009,594 1,626,592
      Total actuarial liabilities 68,020,976 81,557,159

      Table 26 footnotes

      Table 26 footnote 1

      Using mortality assumptions used for the CPP beneficiaries (with appropriate loading) consistent with the 31st CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2022-2023 and the 30th CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2021-2022.

      Return to table 26 footnote 1

      Table 26 footnote 2

      Using a yield curve approach determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on Government of Canada Bonds and Treasury Bills (the equivalent flat discount rate is 2.38% as at 31 March 2022 and 3.05% as at 31 March 2023).

      Return to table 26 footnote 2

      Table 27 Sample mortality rates – Male (experience‑adjusted mortality)
      Age 2023-24 2033-34 2043-44 2053-54
      50 0.002773 0.002473 0.002277 0.002102
      55 0.004205 0.003692 0.003397 0.003134
      60 0.005257 0.004567 0.004192 0.003862
      65 0.011478 0.010054 0.009265 0.008511
      70 0.016640 0.014536 0.013360 0.012319
      75 0.026293 0.023105 0.021238 0.019610
      80 0.045101 0.039715 0.036531 0.033703
      85 0.079758 0.069081 0.063502 0.058591
      90 0.144455 0.128429 0.120259 0.113004
      95 0.246330 0.227150 0.217318 0.208418
      100 0.370629 0.351527 0.341497 0.331975
      105 0.495122 0.480430 0.473293 0.466759
      110 0.610294 0.610716 0.610554 0.610409
      115 0.687747 0.687841 0.687990 0.687957
      120 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000
      Table 28 Sample mortality rates – Female (experience‑adjusted mortality)
      Age 2023-24 2033-34 2043-44 2053-54
      50 0.001788 0.001602 0.001476 0.001362
      55 0.002687 0.002368 0.002180 0.002011
      60 0.002996 0.002638 0.002426 0.002238
      65 0.006657 0.005938 0.005469 0.005046
      70 0.010879 0.009752 0.008986 0.008294
      75 0.017846 0.016173 0.014919 0.013765
      80 0.031829 0.028947 0.026700 0.024654
      85 0.057646 0.051356 0.047294 0.043671
      90 0.108716 0.097523 0.091375 0.085867
      95 0.192431 0.177589 0.169874 0.162913
      100 0.302505 0.285415 0.277016 0.269197
      105 0.422266 0.407506 0.401046 0.395367
      110 0.547038 0.547335 0.547338 0.547316
      115 0.636409 0.636448 0.636491 0.636469
      120 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000 1.000000

      The table below presents a reconciliation of the actuarial liability between 31 March 2022 and 31 March 2023.

      Table 29 Reconciliation of actuarial liability (with experience‑adjusted mortalityTable 29 footnote 1 and alternative discount ratesTable 29 footnote 2) ($)
      Liabilities Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      Liability as at 1 April 81,557,159 97,798,624
      Accrued interest 1,795,032 1,354,070
      Premiums - no data 3,359
      Reclaimed annuities 8,967 2,909
      Annuity payments (11,167,943)Table 29 footnote 3 (12,564,126)Table 29 footnote 4
      Premium refunds and other (2,448) (3,129)
      Unclaimed annuities (17,559) (40,120)
      Change in mortality assumption (930,967) - no data
      Change in discount ratesTable 29 footnote 5 (2,765,661) (4,733,007)
      Experience and data corrections (455,604) (261,421)
      Liability as at 1 April 68,020,976 81,557,159

      Table 29 footnotes

      Table 29 footnote 1

      Using mortality assumptions used for the CPP beneficiaries (with appropriate loading) consistent with the 31st CPP Actuarial Report for Fiscal year 2022-2023 and the 30th CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2021-2022.

      Return to table 29 footnote 1

      Table 29 footnote 2

      Using a yield curve approach determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on Government of Canada Bonds and Treasury Bills (the equivalent flat interest rate is 2.38% for fiscal year 2021-2022 and 3.05% for fiscal year 2022-2023).

      Return to table 29 footnote 2

      Table 29 footnote 3

      Includes annuity and retroactive payments totalling $9,181 for members recovered from the CRF in fiscal year 2022-2023, and vested commuted value payments of $72,814.

      Return to table 29 footnote 3

      Table 29 footnote 4

      Includes annuity and retroactive payments totalling $537 for members recovered from the CRF in fiscal year 2021-2022, and vested commuted value payments of $32,940.

      Return to table 29 footnote 4

      Table 29 footnote 5

      The discount rate used to calculate liabilities changed from 1.49% in fiscal year 2020-2021 to 2.38% in fiscal year 2021-2022 and 3.05% in fiscal year 2022-2023 based on the yield curve approach.

      Return to table 29 footnote 5

      Tables 30, 31 and 32 below outline the calculation of interest for the 2023 and 2022 fiscal years.

      Table 30 Calculation of interest for vested members (with experience‑adjusted mortalityTable 30 footnote 1 and alternative interest ratesTable 30 footnote 2) ($)
      Calculation of interest Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      Experience adjusted liabilities as at 1 April of prior year 1,902,347 1,421,251
      Maturities 6,564 4,927
      CRF Recoveries 34 36
      Annuity payments (145,044) (102,483)
      Commuted values (951) (398)
      Transfers to CRF  - no data - no data
      Total interest for vested members 1,762,950 1,323,333

      Table 30 footnotes

      Table 30 footnote 1

      Using mortality assumptions used for the CPP beneficiaries (with appropriate loading) consistent with the 31st CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2022-2023 and the 30th CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2021-2022.

      Return to table 30 footnote 1

      Table 30 footnote 2

      Using a yield curve approach determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on Government of Canada Bonds and Treasury Bills (the equivalent flat interest rate is 2.38% for fiscal year 2021-2022 and 3.05% for fiscal year 2022-2023). The calculation of interest for the fiscal year is based on the rates at the beginning of the period while the end of period liabilities are based on the rates at the end of the period.

      Return to table 30 footnote 2

      Table 31 Calculation of interest for deferred members (with experience‑adjusted mortalityTable 31 footnote 1 and alternative interest ratesTable 31 footnote 2) ($)
      Calculation of interest Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      Experience adjusted liabilities as at 1 April of prior year 38,713 35,948
      Premiums - no data 45
      CRF Recoveries - no data - no data
      Maturities (6,564) (4,927)
      Refunds (67) (292)
      Transfers to CRF - no data (37)
      Total deferred members 32,082 30,737

      Table 31 footnotes

      Table 31 footnote 1

      Using mortality assumptions used for the CPP beneficiaries (with appropriate loading) consistent with the 31st CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2022-2023 and the 30th CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2021-2022.

      Return to table 31 footnote 1

      Table 31 footnote 2

      Using a yield curve approach determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on Government of Canada Bonds and Treasury Bills (the equivalent flat interest rate is 2.38% for fiscal year 2021-2022 and 3.05% for fiscal year 2022-2023). The calculation of interest for the fiscal year is based on the rates at the beginning of the period while the end of period liabilities are based on the rates at the end of the period.

      Return to table 31 footnote 2

      Table 32 Calculation of total interest (with experience‑adjusted mortalityTable 32 footnote 1 and alternative interest ratesTable 32 footnote 2) ($)
      Membership Fiscal year
      2022 – 2023
      Fiscal year
      2021 – 2022
      Interest for vested members 1,762,950 1,323,333
      Interest for deferred members 32,082 30,737
      Total interest 1,795,032 1,354,070

      Table 32 footnotes

      Table 32 footnote 1

      Using mortality assumptions used for the CPP beneficiaries (with appropriate loading) consistent with the 31st CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2022-2023 and the 30th CPP Actuarial Report for fiscal year 2021-2022.

      Return to table 32 footnote 1

      Table 32 footnote 2

      Using a yield curve approach determined by reference to market yields at the end of the reporting period on Government of Canada Bonds and Treasury Bills (the equivalent flat interest rate is 2.38% for fiscal year 2021-2022 and 3.05% for fiscal year 2022-2023). The calculation of interest for the fiscal year is based on the rates at the beginning of the period while the end of period liabilities are based on the rates at the end of the period.

      Return to table 32 footnote 2

      Footnotes

      Footnote 1

      The methodology to develop this yield curve is set out on the Bank of Canada's website.

      Return to footnote 1*